Chemical Properties of Matter

Chemical properties are any of the properties of matter that may only be observed and measured by performing a chemical change or chemical reaction. Chemical properties cannot be determined by touching or viewing a sample; the structure of the sample must be altered for the chemical properties to become apparent. Examples of Chemical Properties Here are some examples of chemical properties. Reactivity with other chemicalsToxicityCoordination numberFlammabilityEnthalpy of formationHeat of combustionOxidation statesChemical stabilityTypes of chemical bonds that will formMore examples Uses of Chemical Properties Scientists use chemical properties to predict whether a sample will participate in a chemical reaction. Chemical properties may be used to classify compounds and find applications for them. Understanding a materials chemical properties helps in its purification, separation from other chemicals or in identification in an unknown sample. Chemical Properties Versus Physical Properties While a chemical property is only revealed by the behavior of a substance in a chemical reaction, a physical property may be observed and measured without changing the composition of a sample. Physical properties include color, pressure, length, and concentration.

Animal Testing Should Be Banned - 1603 Words

Animal Testing Animal testing is conducted every day for scientific research. About twenty-five million animals participate in experiments annually. These tests occur in order to determine how chemicals or products can affect a human body. Although the use of the animals has advanced scientific research, there is a worldwide debate on the belief that the use of animals in experiments is immoral. The US government did not require animal testing until a drug, elixir sulfanilamide, was put into certain products causing people to die. Many people died from the consumption of the liquid drug, not knowing such a thing was so deadly. Afterwards US Congress passed a â€Å"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act† in 1938. This concurrent law forces new medications and chemicals to be tested on animals before taking a risk to test them on humans. In the article â€Å"Animal Testing† the author explains that medicines and certain chemicals are required to be tested on animals before being allowed to use on humans by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Marc R Fellenz states in 1966 the United States invented legal control over animal experimentation using the Animal Welfare Act. This regulates animal tests by requiring research laboratories to establish animal care and committees to monitor the treatment of these experimental subjects. Knowledge from such experiments provide a foundation for education in human anatomy and physiology. Occasionally, scientists will experiment on animals withShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

West Hertfordshire Hospital Management

Question: Write an essay on A case of West Hertfordshire Hospital? Answer: Marketing concepts applied on West Hertfordshire Hospital: Product and market Focus: West Hertfordshire Hospital: ManagementTherefore the market focus is to cover whole country and to serve the people with the best service. The product objectives on the other hand are to offer variety of medical assistance for different parts of body including heart, lungs, ENT etc. SMART objectives: SMART objectives actually refer to assigning objectives that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound. This way the objectives become realistic and easy to be achieved through the joint effort of the team members of an organization. In the case of West Hertfordshire Hospital the SMART objectives can be identified as follows. S-Specific To meet the requirements of people in the region and around. To offer variety of medical services and assistance to the patients. To offer high value service at competitive costs. To improve quality of service. M-Measurable To achieve the target of 550,000 clients served in the hospital. To achieve the target of meeting requirements of twenty percent more number of clients in coming three years. To add safety and quality in the maternity services. To achieve a target growth of 0.64%. Offering emergency care with ninety five percent delivery at four hour standard. To bring in new equipment and technology within the end of the year. To offer heavy discounts on surgery and other medical treatment to the people. A-Achievable To achieve satisfaction of clients. To enhance quality and offer varied emergency service. To enhance the facilities offered in the hospital.To add new doctors and surgeons as per the requirements. R-Relevant To meet customer satisfaction. To upgrade technology. To enhance abilities to foster needs of many other clients. T-Time bound The technological enhancement to be achieved till year end. To upgrade the system within next three months. To enhance the ability to meet customer requirement by twenty percent year on year basis. Target market segmentation: The Target market segmentation includes extending service to whole of the United Kingdom. This way with four thousand employees the hospital wants to cater the medical assistance for the patients from around the United Kingdom. Therefore the market segmentation is made in the following sense. Facilities for kids: This includes services for infant and young kids. The services include proper care and vaccination of the children from the disease that affect them in tender age. Facilities for maternity. The maternity facility includes pain less delivery and high qualified doctor assistance so that the patient can have a life time experience in having a baby. The food and other requirements are also offered to the patient in form of package. Facilities for old age. The old age are provided with the facility so that they can continue to live their rest of life in lesser pain and more of respect. Facilities for general requirements: The general requirements facility includes for all others who are not covered above. This facility includes services for young people who faces some health issues in the normal routine. Their conditions are properly diagnosed and offered the best service. (Kotler Gary, 2006) Differentiation: The differentiation stands for offering better than other in the industry. The differentiation that the West Hertfordshire Hospital offers includes the followings. Best medical service. Best medical equipment to support the medical procedure. Offering patients with heavy discounts and competitive pricing of the medical facilities. Ability to serve more patients through the professional approach followed in the hospital. These above stated facilities offer high end service to the patients coming to the facility. They are offered with professional environment and treatment from the best doctor and surgeon in the country. These features bring in differentiation in the facilities offered by the hospital than any other hospital in the region. (Rao Klein, 2004) Positioning: The positioning of the West Hertfordshire Hospital is done as the most efficient and effective hospital that provides highly cost effective and competitive service to its clients. This positing marketing activity has helped the hospital to gain recognition in the whole United Kingdom. The number of clients coming from various parts of the country has increased manifold in the last decade. This way positioning of the hospital as the best in class and service has helped in attracting clients from different places. Due to effective positioning the hospital has been able to achieve a target growth of 0.64% per annum and has been able to achieve satisfaction to more than half million people in the country. Marketing programme and financial data: Marketing mix: The marketing mix consists of analysis of the business operation using the seven key features including 7Ps that are Product, Price, Promotion, Physical environment, Place, People, and Process. In case of West Hertfordshire Hospital, the 7Ps can be applied as follows. Price The pricing of the services is kept low and competitive in the hospital without affecting the quality output. The package system is offered to the customer so that the maximum of the benefit can be availed at low price. New services and facilities are offered at comparatively low price than other hospital in the industry. Promotion The positioning of the hospital is done as the best hospital with most professional outlook has achieved high end gains in terms of attracting more clients. he advertisement of the hospital through hoardings, pamphlets, media and newspaper has helped in making it popular among the masses. Physical environment The physical environment of the hospital is clean and green. The hospital is situated near no factory area where the pollution of any kind does not affect the medical procedures. Place The hospital is located in UK where the economy since the past few years has been passing through an intense recession. The result is that West Hertfordshire Hospital has been in need of immense expansion which has submerged it into an immense level of debt. Therefore the maintenance cost of the different medical apparatus is increasing, resulting in immense economic deprivation for the organization. The hospital offers website support to reach out to its customers around the country. People 4000 employees in the hospital help in dealing with the population growth of the Hertfordshire in the recent years which has received an immense boost. West Hertfordshire Hospital emphasizes on the green trading and slashing down of the usage of carbon. Focus is mainly on the balance between the care of the patients and their family members in West Hertfordshire Hospital. Product Variety of services such as maternity, child, old age and general are offered in the hospital The hospital even offers high quality treatment and analysis using the high technological upgrades introduced from time to time. Process A purely professional process of dealing with the clients is followed in the hospital. The hospital offers target customers with the required facilities at competitive price. Research and development program on consistent level is followed in the hospital. Financial data and projections: The financial data consists of the facts and figures about the business including sales, purchases, expenditures, income etc. The projections on the other hand are the estimates that are actually expected to be achieved in the coming years for the similar data as sales, purchases, expenditures, income etc. The financial data and projection for the West Hertfordshire Hospital can be depicted as below. Past sales revenue and other information: 2012/13 plan 2012/13 FOT* Variance CurrentFeb 13 Income 000s 000s 000s Clinical income 240,989 244,353 3,364 Nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ clinical income 3,832 4,370 538 Other income 26,696 27,979 1,283 TOTAL INCOME 271,517 276,702 5,185 Expenses Pay costs 168,776 174,108 (5,332) Nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ pay costs 87,644 89,400 (1,756) Other costs TOTAL EXPENDITURE 256,420 263,508 (7,088) EBITDA 15,096 13,194 (1,903) Interest 1,098 1.087 11 PDC dividend 3,300 3,300 0 Depreciation 7,596 6,897 699 Impairments unfavourable 2,810 (2,810) Net (deficit) 3,100 (900) (4,000) The above data shows decline in profits. This is due to the fact the economy is facing heat of global slowdown and hence people are left lesser disposable income to support their normal living being. Current Sales revenue and other information (2013-2014): Finances Income 275.2m Operating Expenses 263.7m EBITDA 11.5m Non Operating Expenses 11.5m Net Surplus (forecast) Impairments (unfavourable) (0.9m) Net deficit after Impairments (0.9m) Demographics Population served Approx 550,000 Demographic Growth p.a. 0.64% Workforce Number of WTE 3,917 (includes bank and agency as at Jan 13) Staff turnover Current: 11% Staff sickness rates Current: 4.3% Volunteers Approx 400 regular volunteers equal to 60 WTE Activity Emergency 47,769 Admissions Elective Cases 39,445 Outpatient 412,814 Attendances AE Attendances 103,767 Births 5,748 From the above data we can conclude that the hospital is making considerable development in fostering needs of various clients that comes from around the country. The earnings are still facing a setback. Next 3 years forecast: For year 2014-2015: Proposed 2014/15 Budget 'm Income Contracts 252.0 Other 29.6 Total Income 281.6 Expenditure Acute Medical Care 81.7 Surgery 63.4 Women's and Children 31. 2 Clinical Support 32.3 Estates and Hotel Services 26.5 Corporate 33.4 Sub total for Divisions - Pay and non pay 268. Pay Prices 5.0 General contingency 2.6 Cost Pressures 7.0 Savings Target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 15.0 Total Expenditure 268.1 EBITDA 13.5 Depreciation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 8.2 Dividend à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3.4 Interest payable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1.3 Surplus 0.6 For year 2015-2016: Proposed 2015/16 Budget 'm Income Contracts 352.0 Other 129.6 Total Income 481.6 Expenditure Acute Medical Care 81.7 Surgery 63.4 Women's and Children 31. 2 Clinical Support 32.3 Estates and Hotel Services 26.5 Corporate 33.4 Sub total for Divisions - Pay and non pay 268. Pay Prices 5.0 General contingency 2.6 Cost Pressures 7.0 Savings Target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 15.0 Total Expenditure 268.1 EBITDA 213.5 Depreciation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 8.2 Dividend à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3.4 Interest payable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1.3 Surplus 200.6 The projected surplus will increase up to 200.6 as the contracts and medical procedure offered to more clients will help in earning more. However efforts will be made to stick to the present expenditures as neither they will be allowed to increase so that it affects profit, nor they will be decreased to affect quality. For year 2016-2017: Proposed 2016/17 Budget 'm Income Contracts 452.0 Other 229.6 Total Income 681.6 Expenditure Acute Medical Care 81.7 Surgery 63.4 Women's and Children 31. 2 Clinical Support 32.3 Estates and Hotel Services 26.5 Corporate 33.4 Sub total for Divisions - Pay and non pay 268. Pay Prices 5.0 General contingency 2.6 Cost Pressures 7.0 Savings Target à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 15.0 Total Expenditure 268.1 EBITDA 413.5 Depreciation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 8.2 Dividend à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3.4 Interest payable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1.3 Surplus 400.6 The above estimation shows that the surplus will increase to 400.6 million pounds as the hospital expects to increase its client coverage in next two years. The new equipment costs will come down but the efficiency and effectiveness of the business will rise many folds. Conclusion: In the end, the West Hertfordshire Hospital has taken every step to market themselves as the best service provider in the industry. The SMART objectives are set, the market focus, positioning and even the marketing mix has been done so well that it can expect consistent growth and development in the coming years. The financial data estimation also shows that from the coming years the hospital is going to earn huge profits from the business and expects to earn a surplus from its business. Bibliography Aseisdefimedia, 2011. "The difference between market intelligence, business intelligence and strategic intelligence". [Online] Available at: https://youtu.be/tvT1f6H7ADM [Accessed 12 October 2014]. Caniels, M. Gelderman, C., 2007. Power and interdependence in buyer supplier relationships: A purchasing portfolio approach. Industrial marketing management., 36(2), pp.219-29. Corta, J.W., 1993. TQM for sales and marketing management. McGraw-Hill. Goldstein, D., 2007. What is Customer Segmentation. [Online] Available at: mindofmarketing.net. Jayachandran, S., 2004. Marketing Management. Excel Books India. Kotler, P. Gary, A., 2006. Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Malhotra, N.K., 2002. Basic Marketing Research: A Decision-Making Approach. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.: Prentice Hall. Pegg, S., Patterson, I. Matsumoto, Y., 2014. Understanding the motivations of volunteers engaged in an alternative tourism experience in Northern Australia. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management., 21(7), pp.800-20. Rao, P.M. Klein, J.A., 2004. Growing importance of marketing strategies for the software industry. Industrial marketing managment, 23(1), pp.29-37. Samli, C.A., 1995. International consumer behavior: its impact on marketing strategy development. Quorum Books. Sharma, N., 2013. Marketing Strategy on Different Stages PLC and its Marketing Implications on FMCG Products. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services Management Research., 2(3), pp.121-36. Snower, D., 1996. Acquiring Skills: Market failures, their symptoms and policy responses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wedel, M. Kamakura, W., 1998. Market Segmentation - Conceptual and Methodological Foundations. Boston: Academic Publishers.

The Stranger Essays (1044 words) - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger

The Stranger In The Stranger, as in all Camus works, Camus views on freedom and death one dependent on the other are major themes. For Camus, freedom arises in awareness of ones life, the every-moment life, an intense glorious life that needs no redeeming, no regrets, no tears. Death is unjustifiable, absurd; it is but a reintegration into the cosmos for a free man. Until a person reaches this awareness, life, like death, is absurd, and indeed, generically, life remains absurd, though each individuals life can be valuable and meaningful to him. In a sense, The Stranger is a parable of Camus philosophy, with emphasis on that which is required for freedom. Meursault, hero of The Stranger, is not a person one would be apt to meet in reality in this respect; Meursault does not achieve the awakening of consciousness, so essential to freedom and to living Camus philosophy until the very end of the book, yet he has lived his entire life in according with the morality of Camus philosophy. His equivalent in the Christian philosophy would be an irreligious person whose homeland has never encountered Christianity who, upon having it explained by a missionary, realizes he has never sinned. What is the morality, the qualities necessary for freedom, which Meursault manifested? First, the ruling trait of his character is his passion for the absolute truth. While in Meursault this takes the form of a truth of being and feeling, it is still the truth necessary to the conquest of the self or of the world. This passion is so profound that it obtains even when denying it might save his life. Second, and not unrelated to the first, is Meursaults acceptance of nature as what it is and nothing more, his rejection of the supernatural, including any god. Actually, rejection of God is not accurate until later when he is challenged to accept the concept; Meursault simply has never considered God and religion worthwhile pursuing. The natural makes sense; the supernatural doesnt. It follows that death to Meursault also is what it is naturally; the end of life, cessation, and that is all. Third, and logically following, Meursault lives entirely in the present. The past is past and dwelling upon it in any mood is simply a waste of the present. As to the future, the ultimate future is death; to sacrifice the present to the future is equivalent to sacrificing life to death. Finally and obviously, since the present is his sole milieu, Meursault takes note of each moment of life; since there is no outside value system, no complex future plan, to measure against, and as a result of his passion for truth and consequently justice, he grants every moment equal importance. One moment may be more pleasurable than another, one boring, one mundane, each receives equal time in his narration of his life. Meursault has one failing trait, a direct and logical result of his unconsciousness of his own view of life and philosophy of living, indifference. Perhaps because his way of life and thinking seem so natural to him, he has never considered their roots, has never confronted the absurdity of death, with the consequent recognition of the value of his life. Out of indifference he fails to question and thereby errs out of indifference he links forces with violence and death, rather than with love and life. As a result of indifference, he kills a man. Meursault kills a man and is brought to trial. But in truth he is not tried for murder, nor for his error, he is tried for his virtue. Here Camus shows how many men fear the absurd, refuse not to accept it to confront it at all. Instead they make compromises with it, grant it importance and supernatural meaning, and live for it. The result is lives built on sham, hypocrisy, paper scaffolding. The natural man, the man of truth and reality, can only threaten their authority, the very fragile web of their lives, that is, his very existence may force them to see through themselves. It is for this that they condemn Meursault to death. Faced with the guillotine, Meursault is forced to confront death, his own death. Through the horror and

United States Border Security and Threats to Homeland Security

Existing literature reveal that many countries of the world have faced security challenges for a long period. In particular, the United States has been a target of many terrorist groups both from within and outside the country and efforts have been made by the federal government to enhance homeland security.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Border Security and Threats to Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Chad, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in Washington, D.C., New York City, and Pennsylvania posed a great challenge to the American government as far as ensuring the security of the citizens especially in densely populated centers as well as areas of high-risk potential is concerned (2010). This is due to the fact that these areas are easy targets for terrorists and other organized crime. Among other measures, the U.S. government embarked on strengthe ning the security along the country’s borders with an aim of preventing possible infiltration by terrorists. The U.S. government has also remained committed to the eradication of all known organized crime globally by dedicating huge amount of resources towards the fight against terrorism (Steinmetz, 2011). However, this war has persisted for about a decade with renewed terrorism attacks on the American people both at home and abroad. The paper discusses the United States border security and the comparisons between the Canadian and Mexican borders. It compares issues with imports and exports, the terrain, and most importantly, how there have always been border security issues concerning our national security and even more so today. The threat posed by a weak U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Canada borders with a focus on terrorist threats within and outside America will be discussed. It also considers the likelihood of the Al Qaeda network, Iran and other extremists intending to harm Amer icans using these weak borders as entry points to the U.S. The paper also explores the illegal trades which include drug, firearms, and human trafficking taking place in the southern and northern borders. The Canadian and Mexican Borders Trade and Prosperity Towards the end of the 20th century into the 21st century, â€Å"globalization† has been understood in terms of breaking down borders between nations of the world. It has been argued that economic integration and interdependence results in the decline of regulatory measures, more porous borders, and increased lenient cross-border policies.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advocates of globalization have championed the need for free movement of goods, money, and people across borders. These advocates in America have pushed for an open U.S.-Mexico border where there movement of labor is unregulated. Earlier d emands for an open border saw significant advancements in cross-border relations between America and its southern and northern borders (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 2010). The U.S.-Canada as well as the U.S.-Mexico borders has emerged as the world’s busiest land crossings. The coming into effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) resulted in accelerated cross-border commercial flows. However, NAFTA spells out strong terms of relation between America and her two neighbors. The links between Canada and Mexico are weak compared with those the U.S. The strongest link comes in when the issue is of interest to each of them (Goldfarb, 2005). Matters of security and prosperity bring the two nations together while their individual priorities force them work separately. The agreement is an indicator that Canada and Mexico are strong trading partners with United States. The tension between Canada and Mexico has been aggravated by the reluctance of each to help the other. For instance, Canada has not been actively involved in helping Mexico overcome its economic development woes caused by stiff competition from the Chinese. This has resulted in slower rate of development (Ganster Lorey, 2008). After the September 11 attacks on U.S. soil, the two countries were forced to reconsider their relations in terms of domestic and foreign interests. There are major differences in the priorities of the two countries that make the possibility of their union a near illusion. Canada’s main priority is to ensure that it can securely and predictably access the U.S. market freely given that it is the world’s leading economy and superpower (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 2010). Migration of Mexicans is not an issue in Canada because very few of them settle within the country’s territory. Canada believes that it is advanced when it comes to border issues just like its southern neighbor, U.S. The country is therefore more interested on Canada-U.S. (bilateral) relations as opposed to trilateral approaches.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on United States Border Security and Threats to Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The coming into operation of NAFTA saw the elimination of origin rules and related tariffs. However, non-NAFTA Canadian and U.S. tariff rates have been found to be much lower than those Mexico (Andreas, 2009). This argument has been used by Canada in preferring bilateral approaches. On the contrary, apart from desiring a secure access, Mexico’s priority is to legalize migration flows across its border with the U.S. as well as to ensure economic development in the country (Zaiotti, 2011). This great priority became more critical after the events of September 11. Mexico has also had to deal with conflicting interests in terms of whether to pursue bilateral, trilateral, multilateral or domestic economic initiatives. As a result, this difference in priorities makes these countries have little interest in each other as compared to their interest in the U.S. and other countries. According to Goldfarb, they have so much that can bring them together than those that can separate the two countries (2005). One of the most critical areas of cooperation is on security especially the prevention of organized crime. Both countries are aware of the fact that they share international boundaries with a country that prides itself of the largest economy in the world. They are also concerned with America’s security policies that may hinder their prosperity. Unfavorable security initiatives may make it difficult and more expensive to cross both the southern and northern borders resulting in slowed growth. Furthermore, the two nations have been frustrated by America’s introduction of the WTO-inconsistent Byrd amendment that has made the resolution of trade disputes quite difficult (Stein metz, 2011). The emergence of China and India as potential economic giants is a challenge to Canada and Mexico. In particular, China’s rapid industrial growth has had a significant impact on Mexico (Andreas, 2009). They both have to ensure that their growth is at a faster rate than those of Asian countries if they are to remain active on the global trade platform. It is clear, therefore, that the relation between these two countries is of great significance to the U.S. (U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is particularly so because of their role when it comes to ensuring security of all Americans. The southern and northern borders, as it will be discussed later in this paper, serve as entry points for terrorists, illegal immigrants, and routes for other heinous activities. Terrain Canada borders the United States to the north while Mexico lies to the south. According to the statistics hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S.-Mexican land and water border stretches about 2,000 miles along the four states of America: Texas, New Mexico, California and Arizona (U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Van Zandt, 1976). The Arizona state border with Mexico includes 19.1 miles along the Colorado River. The U.S.-Canadian land and water border line covers about 4,000 miles (CBP, 2004). It is the longest international boundary line. Of the 50 U.S. states, 13 of them share the international boundaries with Canada. The estimated distances of the southern Mexican border and the nort hern Canadian border are easy to measure because of the presence of long straight stretches unlike the coastlines. For instance, the U.S.-Canada border stretches about 900 miles along the 49th parallel (Zaiotti, 2011). The Threat of a Weak U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Canada Borders The U.S.-Canada and U.S.-Mexico borders have been known to be one of the major threats to the security of America owing to the ease with which terrorists and organized criminals exploit loopholes. A weak U.S.-Mexican border, therefore, will serve as the entry point for the criminal gangs if strict security initiatives are not put in place. For a long time now, there has been a raging debate among Americans especially politicians on issues of border security and illegal immigration. The southern border has been given special attention by many advocacy groups and news agencies since it accounts for a large number of immigrants into the United States (McCaul, 2009). This border has become a major entry point for te rrorists, organized criminals and drug and human traffickers. This has become one of the greatest threats to the security of citizens living along the border. American law enforcement agencies have also been put to task in ensuring maximum security. The international criminal networks like Al Qaeda who are constantly planning terrorist activities have exploited the existing gangs living in the U.S (Ganster Lorey, 2008). This is because there is relative to the ease in the exchange of information. The ever-growing Islamic extremism has also become a source of threat faced by Americans since the September 11 terrorist attacks. Statistics from the security agencies reveal that anti-American Islamic movements within America, Mexico and Canada have increased significantly (Chad, 2010). U.S. security agencies have made thousands of arrests of suspected international terrorists linked with other criminal networks. These terrorists and criminals smuggle materials through the borders. They are also known for sharing crucial information that is in turn used to execute terrorist attacks on innocent citizens. Although the U.S.-Canadian border is guarded by law enforcement agencies, it is commonly known as the world’s longest undefended border (Smith, 2011). Compared to the southern border, the northern border had generally not been heavily monitored by the U.S. customs and immigration agencies. This is because there were no military personnel deployed to defend this international boundary. The U.S.-Mexico border is manned by over nine thousand National Guard troops. It does not have a high fence like the one built along the southern border. Security measures are relatively less stringent for the U.S.-Canada border and this is a potential loophole for illegal immigrants and drug and human traffickers (Steinmetz, 2011). Canada has emerged as the largest trading partner for America followed by Mexico. This has greatly influenced the type of rules dictating the nature of relations between the two nations and the U.S. In formulating the rules, America views Mexico as a ‘high risk’ nation compared to Canada and hence the varying terms of engagement especially when it comes immigration which is not included in NAFTA (Chad, 2010). Before the dawn of the 21st century, the U.S. had ignored the need to protect its northern border and in fact the international boundary was nonexistent. However, the events of September 11 reversed the way in which America treat its border with Canada. The findings of the post-9/11 terrorist attacks revealed that a significant number of terrorists enter the United States through Canada. This revelation has ever since transformed the perception of Americans concerning the border. It is currently viewed as a vulnerable entry point just like the southern border. Security measurers between America and Canada have been reviewed and are much tougher compared to the pre-9/11 era (Forest, 2008). Canada initially comp lained of U.S.’s disregard of the northern border but is now in an awkward situation due to the overwhelming negative attention it receives from her southern neighbor. Compared to the number of agents on the southern border, there was a negligible number of agents policing the northern border before the infamous 9/11 attacks. However, the number of agents sent to police the U.S.-Canada border has been increasing annually due to mounting pressure from Americans (Forest, 2008). Critics argue that savvy terrorists will still infiltrate the country through Canada since thousands of well trained personnel have failed to stop hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants from Mexico despite its much shorter border length. With the knowledge of huge security threat posed by a weak U.S.-Canada and U.S.-Mexico borders, the United States security agencies have put in place measurers that regulate the entry of millions of immigrants as well as facilitate the exchange of billions of dollar s of legal business each year (Hernandez, 2010). These regulatory policies have been reviewed regularly and tightened especially during moments of suspected terrorist attacks. However, even with the vigilance at the border, illegal activities perpetrated by criminals persist due to the porous border points of the United States (Smith, 2011). According to Shirk, the presence of the constant threat from these criminal groups at the U.S.-Canada and U.S.-Mexico borders has made cross-border interaction difficult for Mexican and Canadian citizens as well as law enforcement agencies (2011). The southern and northern borders are a source of threat to Americas due to the long-standing drug wars, human trafficking and smuggling which have opened up loopholes for the entry of international terrorist networks especially by the extremist Islamic groups like those from Iran and Afghanistan. Other activities associated with these terrorists include money laundering, weaponry dealings, among other illegal activities which help them reap millions of dollars in revenue each year (Forest, 2008). These terrorists then embark on recruiting more followers, raise funds for their groups, and plan and execute potentially deadly attacks similar to those September 11. Conclusion It is undoubtedly paramount to strengthen the security at the southern and northern borders if Americans are to be assured of their long-term safety. The paper has discusses the state of U.S. border security with a focus on the Canadian and Mexican borders. It has compared issues of trade from a trilateral perspective, the terrain of the northern and southern international boundaries with emphasis on how there have always been border security issues concerning our national security and even more so today. The threat posed by a weak U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Canada borders with a focus on terrorist threats within and outside America has been discussed. The possibility of the Al Qaeda network, Iran and other extremist s who are out to harm innocent citizens using these weak borders as entry points to the U.S has also been captured in the paper. It can be concluded References Andreas, P. (2009). Border games: policing the U.S.-Mexico divide. Cornell University Press Chad, C. H. (2010). Border security: the role of the U.S. border patrol. Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service Forest, J. F. (2008). Homeland security: protecting America’s targets. Greenwood Publishing Group Ganster, P. Lorey, D. E. (2008). U.S.-Mexican border into the twenty-first century (2nd  ed.). Rowman Littlefield Goldfarb, D. (2005). The Canada-Mexico Condurum: Finding Common Ground.  Backgrounder, 91: 213-227 Hernandez, K. L. (2010). Migra!: a history of the U.S. border patrol. University of Carlifornia Press McCaul, M. T. (2009). A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest  Border. U.S. House of Representatives Shirk, D. A. (2011). The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat. C ouncil on Foreign Relations Smith, R. M. (2011). Citizenship, borders, and human needs. University of Pennsylvania Press. Steinmetz, T. (2011). Mitigating the Exploitation of U.S. Borders by Jihadists and Criminal Organizations. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(3): pp.29-48 U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) (September 2004). National Border Patrol  Strategy. U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) (August 2010). Performance and  Accountability Report: Fiscal Year 2009. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Van Zandt, F. K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States.   Washington: GPO. Zaiotti, R. (2011). Cultures of border control: Schengen and the evaluation of European  frontiers. University of Chicago Press This research paper on United States Border Security and Threats to Homeland Security was written and submitted by user Anika Cardenas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Geographic Facts About New Delhi, India

Geographic Facts About New Delhi, India New Delhi is both the capital and center of government of India and is the center of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is located in northern India within the metropolis of Delhi and it is one of the nine districts of Delhi. It has a total area of 16.5 square miles (42.7 sq km) and it is considered one of the fastest growing cities in the world.The city of New Delhi is known for its vulnerability to climate change and global warming (its temperatures are predicted to rise by 2ËšC by 2030 due to its intense growth and industrialization) and a building collapse which killed at least 65 people on November 16, 2010. Top Ten Facts to Know About Indias Capital City New Delhi itself was not established until 1912 when the British moved Indias capital city from Calcutta (now called Kolkata) to Delhi in December 1911. At that time the British government in India decided it wanted to build a new city to serve as its capital which would be adjacent to Delhi and known as New Delhi. New Delhi was completed in 1931 and the old city became known as Old Delhi.In 1947 India gained independence from the British and New Delhi was given some limited independence. At that time it was administered by a Chief Commissioner who was appointed by the Indian government. In 1956, Delhi became a union territory and a Lieutenant Governor began the administration of the region. In 1991 the Constitution Act changed the Union Territory of Delhi to the National Capital Territory of Delhi.Today, New Delhi is located within the  metropolis of Delhi and it still serves as the capital city of India. It is at the center of the nine districts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Commonly, the metropolis of Delhi is known as New Delhi, although New Delhi only officially represents a district or city within Delhi. New Delhi itself is governed by a municipal government that is called the New Delhi Municipal Council, whereas other areas within Delhi are governed by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.New Delhi today is one of the fastest growing cities in both India and the world. It is the government, commercial and financial center of India. Governmental employees represent a large portion of the citys workforce, while much of the rest of the citys population is employed in the expanding service sector. The main industries in New Delhi include information technology, telecommunications, and tourism.The city of New Delhi had a population of 295,000 in 2001 but metropolitan Delhi had a population of over 13 million. Most of the people living in New Delhi practice Hinduism (86.8%) but there are also large Muslim, Sikh, Jain and Christian communities in the city.New Delhi is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain in northern India. Since it sits on this plain, most of the city is relatively flat. It is also located in the floodplains of several large rivers, but none of them actually flow through the city. In addition, New Delhi is prone to major earthquakes. The climate of New Delhi is considered humid subtropical and it is highly influenced by the seasonal monsoon. It has long, hot summers and cool, dry winters. The average January low temperature is 45 °F (7 °C) and the average May (the hottest month of the year) high temperature is 102 °F (39 °C). Precipitation is highest in July and August.When it was determined that New Delhi would be built in 1912, the British architect Edwin Lutyens came up with plans for much of the city. As a result, New Delhi is highly planned and it is built around two promenades the Rajpath and Janpath. The Rashtrapati Bhaven or the center of the Indian government is located in the center of New Delhi.New Delhi is also considered a cultural center of India. It has many historic buildings, festivals to go along with holidays like Republic Day and Independence Day as well as many religious festivals. To learn more about New Delhi and metropolitan Delhi, visit the citys  official government website.

View of Nature and Humanitys Relationships Essay

View of Nature and Humanitys Relationships - Essay Example Nature as Local. Interestingly, Bacon implicated that nature’s instrumentation was largely determined by location. While burial was done in the Lower Region, observatories were situated in the Upper Region. Thus, nature presents a limit by which instrumentation is permissible or not advisable, and this fact was respected by the people of Salomon’s House. The same fact was implicated by Carolus Linnaeus in his The Economy of Nature. His recognition of the co-location of habitat and particular species of flora and fauna was expressed through his acknowledgment of the dissimilar patterns of seasons, as well as the variance in soil composition (Linnaeus 2). Moreover, Linnaeus explicitly expressed this: â€Å"How wise, how beautiful is the agreement between the plants of every country, and its inhabitants, and other circumstances!† (2). Nature as the Framework of Imitation. Bacon’s view suggested that the workings of nature served as the mold by which humans re plicate certain processes for the desired output. This imitation was explicitly detailed: â€Å"We use them likewise for the imitation of natural mines...,† or â€Å"We have heats in imitation of the sun’s and heavenly bodies’ heats, that pass divers[e] inequalities...† (Bacon 3-5). Thus, it is safe to assume that early processes that were said to be ‘invented’ by early humans were probably forms of mimicry out of the observable natural processes. Nature as Something to be Improved. The recognition of nature’s imperfection was prevalent; yet, this imperfection was viewed by Bacon only in the context of the human’s desired output.